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In addition, the resolution that can be achieved in live specimens is generally lower than that in fixed specimens because of the size of the sample, the scattering (see Glossary in Box 1) of intact and opaque tissue, pigmentation in untreated animals,the movement of living organs (skeletal muscles, gut, heart, blood, eyes,etc.) and the need to keep the sample under physiologically sustainable conditions. Because of these limitations, scientists are frequently forced to fix and section their samples, even though many of the highly dynamic processes that occur during development can only be studied in full detail in the intact, living embryo. If experimental measurements are to represent normal development, living organisms should not be squeezed between sheets of glass or be exposed to vast amounts of laser light, which frequently results in photo-bleaching (see Glossary in Box 1), photo-damage, or heating.
Area `seen' by the microscope; depends on the magnification of the optics and the size of the camera chip. In light-sheet microscopy, the light-sheet thickness is optimized to uniformly cover the full FOV.
In SPIM, a stack of images is recorded by moving the sample through the light-sheet in a stepwise fashion. The sample is usually embedded in a soft gel such as agarose, which is not perfectly stiff. Motion-induced vibrations can limit the acquisition speed of 3D datasets. This limitation can be overcome by leaving the sample at rest and by moving the objective lens(including the illumination optics) instead. This design was realized in objective-coupled planar illumination (OCPI) microscopy(Holekamp et al., 2008; Turaga and Holy, 2008). An optical fiber delivers laser light to the illumination optics, which are directly attached to the objective lens(Fig. 4C). This fixed arrangement of illumination and detection optics can be moved relative to the sample at high speed. Thousands of neurons were imaged in a stack of 50 planes acquired in just 2 seconds with bleaching rates that are approximately 100 times less than in LSCM (Holekamp et al.,2008). The authors used this technique to study fast events in pheromone-sensing neurons in the mouse and reported frame rates of 200 fps,much faster than previously achieved with single- or multi-photon microscopy.
The high sensitivity and speed of SPIM also offers a new approach to high-speed heart imaging in medaka and zebrafish(Huisken et al., 2004). Heart development has previously been primarily analyzed using fixed sections, in which the cardiac tissue is often deformed and collapsed. Obviously, the dynamic development and function of the heart can only be analyzed in living tissue. Optical sections of beating zebrafish hearts have been collected with commercial confocal laser slit scanning systems at frame rates of up to 150 frames per second (fps) (Liebling et al.,2006). High-speed cameras can be used in light-sheet microscopy to provide similar frame rates (30-200 fps, depending on the frame size). The full frame acquisition in SPIM is free of motion artifacts and more efficient than the line-by-line acquisition of slit scanning microscopes. One promising application for SPIM is therefore the 3D-resolved in vivo cardiac optical mapping during zebrafish heart development. SPIM has played a key role in characterizing the phenotype of a K+ channel gene (kcnh2)mutant by imaging fluctuating Ca2+ concentrations in the heart with high spatial and temporal resolution(Arnaout et al., 2007). Another transgenic zebrafish line, which expresses GFP in the endocardium and DsRed in the red blood cells, has been used to study valve morphogenesis. By imaging the atrioventricular (AV) canal in these transgenic fish, AV valve morphogenesis could be investigated at cellular resolution at different developmental stages. SPIM has revealed that what had been previously described as an endocardial cushion actually appears to be a dynamic valve leaflet (Scherz et al., 2008). Fig. 7 and Movie 4 (in the supplementary material) show an example of high-speed cardiac imaging. The transgenic zebrafish line used expresses DsRed in the blood cells and the myocardium and EGFP in the endocardium.
The distinct sample embedding techniques used for light-sheet-based microscopy might seem taxing at first, but this microscopy technique also offers a chance to rethink established protocols and to make the transition from fixed to live imaging, or from 2D to 3D cell and tissue cultures. The embedding medium and the buffer can also be used to match the refractive index of samples that normally develop in air. Fig. 8 (see Movie 5 in the supplementary material) shows an example in which a Drosophila pupa was imaged embedded in agarose. The light-sheet penetrates the pupal case in the aqueous environment much better than in air and excites fluorescence in the labeled neurons. A glass capillary is introduced to provide the pupa with air during the time-lapse experiment, which had a duration of 10 hours. Sum projections of 3D stacks document the process of dendrite pruning(Kuo et al., 2005). At the end of the larval stage, the mature fly is able to hatch and escape through the capillary.
Ensemble methods for data assimilation are presently undergoing rapid development. The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), in various forms, has been successfully applied to a wide range of geophysical systems including atmospheric flows from global to convective scales (Whitaker et al. 2004; Snyder and Zhang 2003), oceanography from global to basin scales (Keppenne et al. 2005), and the land surface (Reichle et al. 2002). Particle filters are another class of ensemble-based assimilation methods of interest in geophysical applications. [See Gordon et al. (1993) or Doucet et al. (2001) for an introduction.]
Measuring serum creatinine is cheap and commonly done in daily practice. However, interpretation of serum creatinine results is not always easy. In this review, we will briefly remind the physiological limitations of serum creatinine due notably to its tubular secretion and the influence of muscular mass or protein intake on its concentration. We mainly focus on the analytical limitations of serum creatinine, insisting on important concept such as reference intervals, standardization (and IDMS traceability), analytical interferences, analytical coefficient of variation (CV), biological CV and critical difference. Because the relationship between serum creatinine and glomerular filtration rate is hyperbolic, all these CVs will impact not only the precision of serum creatinine but still more the precision of different creatinine-based equations, especially in low or normal-low creatinine levels (or high or normal-high glomerular filtration rate range).
The good-to-great companies had a paradoxical relationship with technology. On the one hand, they assiduously avoided jumping on new technology bandwagons. On the other, they were pioneers in the application of carefully selected technologies, making bold, farsighted investments in those that directly linked to their hedgehog concept. Like turbochargers, these technology accelerators create an explosion in flywheel momentum.
My best advice, based on the research, is to practice the other good-to-great disciplines that we discovered. Since we found a tight symbiotic relationship between each of the other findings and Level 5, we suspect that conscientiously trying to lead using the other disciplines can help you move in the right direction. There is no guarantee that doing so will turn executives into full-fledged Level 5 leaders, but it gives them a tangible place to begin, especially if they have the seed within.
Answer:Now, in a normal individual we measure blood sugar under different circumstances. What we call fasting blood sugar or blood glucose levels is usually done six to eight hours after the last meal. So it's most commonly done before breakfast in the morning; and the normal range there is 70 to 100 milligrams per deciliter.
Now when you eat a meal, blood sugar generally rises and in a normal individual it usually does not get above a 135 to 140 milligrams per deciliter. So there is a fairly narrow range of blood sugar throughout the entire day.
The International Football Association Board (IFAB), the governing body that writes the rules of soccer, states that a field must be rectangular and marked with continuous lines. A full-size pitch may be anywhere from 50-100 yards in width and 100-130 yards in length.
Within the outer limits of the pitch there are a number of carefully measured out markings, all painted in white. These are painted manually and often require at least two layers to ensure their brightness. They are often repainted on matchdays after the final cut of the turf a few hours before kick-off.
High blood pressure usually does not have any symptoms. You can have high blood pressure and feel perfectly well. The only way to find out if your blood pressure is high is to have it checked regularly by your doctor. 2b1af7f3a8